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杨仕超 周荃 江飞飞 余凯伦

广东省建筑科学研究院

摘要：建筑遮阳装置种类多，形状各异，亟需系统、科学的计算分析方法来量化不同遮阳装置的遮阳和室内采光效果。本文首先探论并提出了基于建筑节能分析、空调负荷分析等不同目的时，遮阳装置的遮阳和和采光效果的计算方法。针对这些计算方法提出了应用原则。然后，针对固定遮阳、百叶遮阳、遮阳帘等各种常见遮阳装置，进行了遮阳和室内采光效果计算和分析。最后，结合计算结果，提出了各类遮阳装置在建筑上应用的的适用原则。

2 遮阳装置遮阳和采光效果计算方法的应用原则

　　2.1 遮阳系数计算方法的应用原则

遮阳装置的遮阳系数计算方法应根据满足相应的需要而选择。

在进行节能计算时，如果节能计算软件能够处理相应遮阳装置的遮阳计算，就没有必要单独计算遮阳系数；但如果要评价遮阳装置的遮阳效果时，就需要计算遮阳系数。这类遮阳装置的遮阳系数可以采用“能耗计算法”。

在进行空调负荷计算时，如果计算软件能够处理相应遮阳装置的遮阳计算，也就不用单独计算遮阳系数。

对于能耗计算软件、空调负荷计算软件不能处理计算的遮阳装置，必须进行单独的遮阳系数计算。

对于尺寸较大且不与门窗平行或不完全覆盖门窗的遮阳装置，可以采用“辐射累计法”直接计算遮阳装置的遮阳系数。而对于与门窗平行且完全覆盖门窗的遮阳装置，则先计算透射比，再计算遮阳系数，这样的计算方法简单，结果更加精确。

2.2 采光计算方法的应用原则

遮阳装置的采光计算方法也应根据满足相应的需要而选择。

在进行采光计算时，如果采光计算软件能够处理相应遮阳装置的计算，就没有必要单独计算可见光透射比，直接计算室内采光效果即可。

对于尺寸较大且不与门窗平行或不完全覆盖门窗的遮阳装置，应直接计算建筑室内采光效果，而不去计算遮阳装置的可见光透射比等综合参数。

而对于与门窗平行且完全覆盖门窗的遮阳装置，应先计算透射比、反射比等光学性能，再进行采光计算，这样可以使得计算相对简单，而且结果更加可靠、精确。

　3 外遮阳装置的遮阳和室内采光效果计算分析

　　3.1 遮阳装置的遮阳效果计算分析

　　3.1.1 固定外遮阳装置的遮阳效果

（1） 能耗计算法

能耗计算法计算用于建筑节能设计的外遮阳系数SD，可以按拟合公式（式1）和（式2）进行。水平遮阳板和垂直遮阳板组合成的综合遮阳，其外遮阳系数值应取水平遮阳板和垂直遮阳板的外遮阳系数的乘积。

图4 水平式外遮阳的特征值

图5 垂直式外遮阳的特征值

　　上述经验公式中的拟合系数是利用建筑能耗模拟计算软件（如DOE2等），模拟相同建筑不同遮阳特征值时的建筑能耗，通过回归分析得到的经验数值。目前，国内各建筑气候区的建筑节能设计标准中均提供了用于本地区节能设计时计算各种遮阳装置遮阳系数计算的拟合系数。表1给出了夏热冬暖地区水平和垂直遮阳装置的拟合系数。

表1 夏热冬暖地区外遮阳系数计算用拟合系数（一）

　　以广东省广州市的水平遮阳、垂直遮阳和综合遮阳三种典型外遮阳装置为例，当遮阳装置特征值为0.5时，得到其用于节能计算的遮阳系数如表2所示：

表2 固定遮阳夏季遮阳系数能耗法计算结果

　　（2） 辐射累积法

辐射累积法是把全年有遮阳装置和没有遮阳装置的太阳辐射照度总量进行对比，得到全年的遮阳系数。

广东省建筑科学研究院基于上述原理开发了“建筑阳光大师”建筑光环境模拟分析软件，在软件中建立窗户和遮阳装置模型，输入城市地理位置，即可算出不同朝向遮阳装置的夏季和冬季遮阳系数。同样以遮阳装置特征值为0.5时上述三种固定遮阳为例，得到其用于节能计算的遮阳系数如表3所示：

表3 固定遮阳夏季遮阳系数辐射累积法计算结果

　　3.1.2 挡板外遮阳装置的遮阳效果

（1） 能耗计算法

挡板遮阳的遮阳遮阳系数计算拟合系数见表4。挡板遮阳的特征值A为挡板下悬垂直高度，B为窗高。

表4 夏热冬暖地区外遮阳系数计算用拟合系数（二）

　　当遮阳装置特征值为0.5时，得到挡板遮阳用于节能计算的遮阳系数如表5所示：

表5 挡板遮阳夏季遮阳系数能耗法计算结果

　　（2） 辐射累积法

在“建筑阳光大师”建筑光环境模拟分析软件中建立窗户和遮阳装置模型，输入城市地理位置，同样以遮阳装置特征值为0.5时上述挡板遮阳为例，得到其用于节能计算的遮阳系数如表6所示：

表6 挡板遮阳夏季遮阳系数辐射累积法计算结果

　　4.1.3 百叶遮阳装置的遮阳效果

百叶型遮阳装置一般属于平行于门窗的遮阳装置，而且一般也完全覆盖了门窗的透光部分。选择一款百叶，叶片宽度为30mm，叶片间距为25mm，叶片的反射系数为0.5。首先计算其不同入射角和叶片开启角度的透射系数，见表7．

表7 百叶的透射反射系数

　　当遮阳装置至于一个遮阳系数为0.7的窗前方、后方时，得到不同的遮阳系数如表8所示：

表8 百叶遮阳装置的遮阳系数计算结果

　　由以上计算可见，百叶遮阳装置与百叶的调节角度和太阳的入射角度有关系，也与置于室内外的位置有关。百叶关闭越严密，透射比越小，置于室外的遮阳系数远小于置于室内时的遮阳系数。

3.1.4 织物帘遮阳装置的遮阳效果

织物帘式遮阳装置一般也属于平行于门窗的遮阳装置，而且完全覆盖了门窗的透光部分。选择一款织物帘，透射比为0.3，前反射比为0.4，后反射比为0.4。计算得到其置于外侧时，遮阳系数为0.46；置于内侧时遮阳系数为0.68。

由计算可见，帘式遮阳装置主要与织物的透射比和反射比有关，透射比越小越好，反射比越大越好。置于室外时的遮阳系数远小于室内的遮阳系数。

3.2 外遮阳装置的室内采光效果计算分析

基于辐射累计的计算原理，利用广东省建筑科学研究院“建筑阳光大师”建筑光环境模拟分析软件，建立房间、窗户和遮阳装置模型，可以分析遮阳装置对房间的室内采光效果的影响。

对安装三种固定外遮阳装置的房间室内自然采光效果，和无外遮阳装置相同房间的然室内采光效果是进行分析，结果如图6所示。可以看出固定遮阳装置中垂直遮阳影响最小，不超10%；水平遮阳大约25%；综合遮阳影响最大，约为45%，但综合遮阳的遮阳系数在西向小于0.55，在南向甚至小于0.45。可见，固定遮阳有较好的遮阳效果，对采光的影响不是非常大。

无遮阳

水平遮阳

垂直遮阳

综合遮阳

图6 无遮阳时和三种固定遮阳装置室内室内自然采光效果

4 遮阳装置的应用分析

4.1 固定遮阳装置

固定式遮阳构造简单，施工方便，对室内自然采光影响不太大，通过合理地设计可以达到较好的遮阳效果。

水平遮阳适用于太阳高度角较高的建筑的南立面。东西立面设置水平遮阳，需增大遮阳深度，影响建筑窗口的自然采光、自然通风和立面效果。

当太阳高度角较低，且与垂直遮阳成一定投射角度时，垂直遮阳的效果较为明显，因此垂直遮阳比较适用于建筑的东西立面和北立面。

垂直遮阳较适合与水平遮阳一起使用，构成综合遮阳，尤其适用建筑的南立面。但由于窗口周边设置遮阳构件较多，会在一定程度上影响外窗的自然通风效果。

　4.2平行且覆盖窗口的遮阳装置

挡板和百叶遮阳装置平行于窗口，且一般为非透明材料，遮阳效果较好，但也因此遮挡了窗口的视线和采光。由于大多数窗户都把视线放在首位，故挡板和百叶遮阳装置的应用受到局限，一般用于炎热地区建筑的东西立面。

与固定式百叶相比，活动百叶可以在一定程度上缓和遮阳和采光、窗口视野的矛盾，但对于较为密集布置的百叶，即使将百叶调节成与窗口垂直的状态，也无法消除百叶对视野的阻碍和对采光的影响。活动百叶在满足遮阳要求的同时，应增大百叶板的宽度和百叶间距，从而减少百叶板的数量，尽量降低对室内采光和窗口视野的影响。百叶表面还可以设计成高反射率的，这样可以增加室内深处的采光，从而调节采光效果。

可调节帘式遮阳完全覆盖窗口时，具有非常好的遮阳效果；收起时又完全不影响窗口的视野和自然采光，而且材质和造型种类繁多，构造简练，容易与建筑立面构成独特的立面效果，适合在炎热地区建筑的各个立面设置。

内遮阳也是一种选择。虽然内遮阳的遮阳系数较大，但对于大面积窗和玻璃幕墙而言，内遮阳可能是唯一的选择。

　5 结论及建议

5.1建筑遮阳遮阳系数根据不同的使用目的应采用不同的计算方法进行计算。用于空调负荷时，应逐时计算遮阳装置的遮阳系数；用于建筑节能计算时，可按照“能耗计算法”或“辐射累计法”计算其置于不同朝向时冬季和夏季的遮阳系数。

5.2能耗计算法和辐射累计法计算外遮阳遮阳系数的原理不同，结果有一定差异。能耗计算法为拟合公式，应用有一定局限性。辐射累计法的结果只与遮阳装置的自身参数和环境气候条件有关，计算较为准确。

5.3固定遮阳装置应直接计算附加遮阳装置后的建筑室内采光效果，从而计算遮阳装置对采光的影响；与门窗平行且完全覆盖门窗的遮阳装置，应先计算透射比，再计算采光效果，计算方法相对简单。

5.4外遮阳装置的遮阳效果与窗口的视野和采光效果有一定矛盾，但可以控制。固定遮阳装置应按照太阳运行轨迹设计，最大限度遮挡夏季的太阳直射阳光，而对采光的影响不会太大，且可以避免窗口强光照射，在南方地区应该提倡适用。平行且覆盖窗口的挡板、百叶、遮阳帘等遮阳装置影响较大，应能够灵活调节为好，必要时应可以全部开启。

5.5玻璃的采光作用不容忽视，遮阳型玻璃的可见光透射比不能过分降低。当玻璃的遮阳系数不能满足要求时，可采取其他遮阳措施，不能过分依赖玻璃遮阳而降低采光要求。

5.6活动遮阳装置可以根据需要进行遮阳和采光，但外遮阳装置存在安全、耐久等问题。内遮阳装置目前政府还不承认其节能效果，大大影响了活动遮阳的工程应用，导致目前许多内遮阳装置仅作为内装饰。行业应对内遮阳进行研究，进行节能、采光分析，使其在绿色建筑中发挥应有的作用。

遮阳装置的遮阳与采光特性计算分析（一）<—-

杨仕超 周荃 江飞飞 余凯伦

广东省建筑科学研究院

摘要：建筑遮阳装置种类多，形状各异，亟需系统、科学的计算分析方法来量化不同遮阳装置的遮阳和室内采光效果。本文首先探论并提出了基于建筑节能分析、空调负荷分析等不同目的时，遮阳装置的遮阳和和采光效果的计算方法。针对这些计算方法提出了应用原则。然后，针对固定遮阳、百叶遮阳、遮阳帘等各种常见遮阳装置，进行了遮阳和室内采光效果计算和分析。最后，结合计算结果，提出了各类遮阳装置在建筑上应用的的适用原则。

0 引言

建筑遮阳虽然已经是绿色建筑中公认的节能措施，而且是低成本的被动技术，应该得到大量的应用。但是，对于遮阳装置的遮阳效果，目前还没有统一的评价方法。国际上，在ISO15099标准中给出了平行于门窗且完全覆盖门窗的遮阳装置的光学、热工计算方法和计算公式，欧洲标准EN13363-1给出了这类遮阳装置的简化计算公式，但对于不平行或不完全覆盖门窗的遮阳装置则无能为力。

我国的《夏热冬暖地区居住建筑节能设计标准》JGJ75和《公共建筑节能设计标准》GB50189中提出了遮阳装置遮阳系数的简化计算方法，该方法是基于有遮阳和无遮阳情况下能耗的对比拟合出的遮阳系数简化计算公式，给出的类型有限，且适用范围有限。

我国建设行业标准《建筑门窗玻璃幕墙热工计算规程》JGJ/T151则结合了ISO15099和EN13363，给出了平行于门窗且完全覆盖门窗的遮阳装置的光学、热工计算方法和计算公式，但同样也没有对不平行于或不完全覆盖门窗的遮阳装置的计算方法。

对于遮阳装置视觉舒适度的评估计算，DINEN14500:2008给出了平行于门窗且完全覆盖门窗的遮阳装置的测试方法和计算公式，同样也没有对于不平行或不完全覆盖门窗的遮阳装置的计算方法。

建筑遮阳装置的种类非常之多，形状各异，各种遮阳装置的计算评估都很重要，而且方法是否合适对遮阳的设计有着直接的影响。既然如此，行业就应该解决这些问题，让遮阳装置有一整套完整、科学的计算分析方法。通过这些计算分析方法，建筑设计师们可以对各种遮阳装置有比较清晰的认识，便于在建筑设计中灵活应用。

1 遮阳装置遮阳和采光效果的计算方法

1.1 遮阳系数的定义

　　遮阳装置的遮阳效果随着太阳位置和天气情况的变化而变化。一般而言，遮阳装置在每时每刻都有不同的遮阳系数。在某一时刻、某一太阳直射、散射分布下，“门窗的遮阳系数是门窗和遮阳装置组合体的太阳能总透射比与无遮阳装置的情况下该门窗的太阳能总透射比的比值”。这样，对于平行于门窗且完全覆盖门窗的遮阳装置的遮阳计算是相对可以简化一些，而对于不平行于门窗或不完全覆盖门窗的遮阳装置的计算则异常复杂。

1.1.1用于建筑节能计算的遮阳系数

对于建筑节能而言，如果能够对每个时刻的太阳辐射进行详细的计算是再好不过的了，但计算机这样计算时，建筑师不能直观地得到遮阳装置的节能效果。所以，如果把遮阳装置放到某个简单的建筑物窗户上，进行全年的能耗计算，根据采暖能耗和空调能耗在有遮阳和没有遮阳前后的变化，就可以得到冬季和夏季两个等效遮阳系数。这个遮阳系数可以作为用于建筑节能计算的（等效）遮阳系数。

1.1.2用于空调负荷计算的遮阳系数

空调负荷的计算需要对每个时刻都进行计算，而且一般采用晴天作为典型天。用于空调负荷计算的遮阳系数应根据需要进行逐时的计算，得到每个时刻的遮阳系数。用于空调负荷计算的遮阳系数不是同一个数，有多少需要计算的时刻就有多少遮阳系数。

1.1.3遮阳产品给定条件的遮阳系数

为了遮阳产品性能的相互对比，各个产品标准中往往规定一定的太阳方位角、高度角，以及太阳光的直射散射比例，从而得到一类产品的准确遮阳系数。这个系数针对给定的条件计算，得到相应条件下的遮阳系数，所以这个遮阳系数只能作为产品性能比较用，而一般不能直接用于实际工程计算。

1.2 遮阳装置遮阳系数的计算

1.2.1用于空调负荷计算的遮阳系数计算

空调负荷计算一般取特殊的计算天（如7月22日）。由于要求进行一个完整天的逐时计算，所以要计算每一个时刻的遮阳系数。这一系数的计算要求计算每个时刻的太阳辐射照度（分为直射和散射两部分），同时需要给出太阳的高度角、方位角。这部分的计算不考虑不同天气条件的直射和散射关系，而只计算晴天的辐射照度。计算每个时刻的遮阳系数，均要考虑地面、周围建筑的影响。

遮阳构件、窗的太阳辐射照度计算分别计算，然后还要计及遮阳装置受阳光照射后表面发出的二次辐射对窗的辐射部分。

1.2.2用于建筑节能计算的遮阳系数计算

建筑节能计算的天气数据一般采用标准气象年。在一年的计算中，外窗及其遮阳要进行逐时的计算，遮阳的效果也就进行了逐时的计算。如果要知道遮阳装置的遮阳效果，必须同时还计算不采用遮阳设施时的建筑能耗，从两者之差计算得到遮阳系数，从制冷能耗中得到夏季遮阳系数，从采暖能耗中得到冬季遮阳系数。这种方法可以称为“能耗计算法”。《夏热冬暖地区居住建筑节能设计标准》JGJ 75遮阳简化计算所采用的建筑模型见图1.

图1 “能耗计算法”采用的计算模型

　　还有一种方法是进行太阳的入射辐射计算，计算全年窗户的太阳辐射照度的累计，把全年有遮阳装置和没有遮阳装置的太阳辐射照射总量进行对比，得到全年的遮阳系数。把一年中的春、秋两个过渡季节作为夏季和冬季的分界，分别计算夏季和冬季的遮阳系数。这种方法可以称为“辐射累计法”（图2）。

图2 “辐射累计法”遮阳装置模型示意图

　　以上这两种方法得到的都是等效遮阳系数。两种方法计算的遮阳系数会略有不同，“能耗计算法”计算的遮阳系数与建筑的其他围护结构及空调系统有一定关系，而“辐射累计法”则仅与遮阳装置有关。

1.2.3与窗平行的遮阳装置遮阳系数的计算

这类遮阳装置包括织物帘和百叶帘等。对于织物帘，只要测量了透射比和反射比，既可计算其遮阳性能。但百叶帘却与百叶的角度和太阳入射角、太阳直射与散射的比例等均有关。

百叶透过率的计算可以采用二维模型，如图3（来自DIN EN 14500：2008）：

图3 百叶透过率计算二维模型

直射阳光透射、反射的计算公式如下式：
式中：

Φij ——区域i～j角系数，部分情况下的角系数见附录C；

τ ——材料太阳光透射比；

ρ、ρ/ ——材料前、后表面太阳光反射比；

τs,D、ρs,D——遮阳卷帘直射太阳光的透射比、反射比。

直射阳光透射、反射的计算公式如下式：

式中：

τs,d、ρs,d——遮阳卷帘散射太阳光的透射比、反射比。

得到了透射比和反射比后，遮阳系数可以按照ISO15099或我国国家标准《建筑门窗玻璃幕墙热工计算规程》JGJ/T 151的计算方法计算其遮阳系数。

1.3 遮阳装置室内采光效果的计算

对于尺寸较大且不与门窗平行或不完全覆盖门窗的遮阳装置，计算采光透射比意义不大，应直接计算建筑室内采光效果。而对于与门窗平行且完全覆盖门窗的遮阳装置，先计算透射比，再计算采光才是可行的，计算方法相对简单，且结果更加精确。

透射比、反射比的计算与遮阳系数的计算方法是一致的，只不过是光谱不同，加权计算不一样。

采光计算一般采用CIE全阴天模型，而不采用实际天气条件，实际天气条件模型主要用于光学效果的模拟计算。全阴天模型一般采用国际照明委员会(CIE)的全阴天模型，考虑的是最不利条件下的情况，所以计算不包括直射日光。计算室内采光时还要包括遮阳装置每个面的反光和室内墙面、天花、地面的反光。

—–>遮阳装置的遮阳与采光特性计算分析（二）

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The US firm says the Google+ Pages facility will help companies and campaigns engage with their audience.

Organisations will not be charged to use the scheme and Google says it will not put adverts on their pages.

It is a further challenge to rival network Facebook, which offers its own Pages service allowing businesses to promote themselves.

Burberry, Barcelona football club and the Muppets are some of the organisations taking part in the launch.

Google says the service offers more than a shop window.

It says organisations can benefit from adding a “+” link to one of the adverts listed on the firm’s results or to another marketing campaign. The page owners can then monitor how many people are clicking through to their Google+ page and where they clicked from.

However, Google says it will not pass on individual IP addresses or any other personal data.

Organisations will be able to use the site’s Circles facility to match different information to different groups. They can also set up video chats with up to nine other users using the network’s Hangouts service.

“Companies like being on social networks, it allows them to have a two-way conversation with their customers and get to know more about who they are,” said Professor Jeremy Baker from the ESCP Europe Business School.

“It’s a very persuasive and intimate atmosphere as the sites are seen as trusted places to be.”

Google says more than 40 million people have already opened an account with its network

“Facebook still has more than 10 times the number of users,” said Ian Maude, head of internet at Enders Analysis.

“Google+ is growing very quickly. However, there is an awful long way for it to go before it becomes a major threat to Mark Zuckerberg’s business.”

A little more than eight months after unveiling “Panda,” an update to Google’s search algorithm that puts a higher priority on high-quality content, the search giant has announced a new update that aims to provide users with “the most up-to-date results.”

“Given the incredibly fast pace at which information moves in today’s world, the most recent information can be from the last week, day or even minute, and depending on the search terms, the algorithm needs to be able to figure out if a result from a week ago about a TV show is recent, or if a result from a week ago about breaking news is too old,” Google says in a blog post announcing the big change.

This latest update is expected to affect as much as 35 percent of all searches on Google, the company says. The Panda update, which had businesses scrambling to stay maintain their search rankings, was said to affect 12 percent of searches.

Specifically, Google says the update will impact searches for recent events or “hot topics,” regularly occurring events, and searches for information that changes often but isn’t necessarily a trending topic or recurring event.

“This change better determines the level of freshness needed for each query and promotes fresher results accordingly,” a Google spokesperson says. “We’re continuously working to improve our search algorithm so that we provide users the most relevant answers to their queries.”

“It seems to me that the biggest impact on small-business owners will be that, in some industries, it will be near impossible to get visibility with a small, rarely-updated website,” says Matt McGee, executive news editor at SEO-focused news site Search Engine Land. “If the business is in an industry where there’s regular news, where things change on a frequent basis, it looks like never-updated websites won’t have much chance of being visible on a lot of queries.”

One effective way for businesses to generate fresh content for their website is to create and frequently update a business blog, McGee recommends. You can write short, informative posts on topics such as industry news or new on your business’s new products or services.

“Blogs have always been great SEO weapons,” McGee says, “and this change only seems to emphasize the value of publishing quality content on a regular basis.”

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From CNN.

U.S. Debt crisis

What will it take to find a solution to the U.S. Debt crisis? Wolf Blitzer and Don Lemon

break down the hurdles and options in “GET IT DONE — Countdown to Debt Crisis,” a CNN

Special Report Sunday night at 9 ET on CNN.
Washington (CNN) — With the deadline to reach a debt ceiling agreement just two days away,

congressional leaders and the White House are mulling parts of a tentative deal that would

extend the debt limit through next year.
The framework of the emerging deal to raise the nation’s debt ceiling calls for up to $2.8

trillion in total deficit reduction over the next decade, two sources familiar with the

negotiations told CNN late Saturday night.
The plan, parts of which are still being negotiated by the White House and bipartisan

congressional leaders, would allow the debt ceiling to be raised by enough to last at least

through the end of 2012.
The debt limit would be increased in two stages, both of which would occur automatically –

a key Democratic demand that would prevent a repeat of the current crisis before the next

election.
No talking points Debt ceiling crisis continues Pelosi: GOP bill ‘perfectly absurd’ GOP

leader ‘confident’ debt deal on horizon
RELATED TOPICS
National Debt
U.S. House of Representatives
U.S. Senate
Harry Reid
John Boehner
The agreement includes upfront spending cuts in the range of roughly $1 trillion, the

sources said. A special congressional committee would recommend additional spending

reductions of up to $1.8 trillion no later than Thanksgiving.
If Congress fails to approve the recommended cuts by late December, automatic, across-the-

board cuts — including both defense and Medicare — would take effect.
News of a possible deal came shortly after the Senate delayed consideration of Majority

Leader Harry Reid’s debt ceiling proposal late Saturday night, pushing back a key

procedural vote by 12 hours.
The vote to stop debate and end a GOP filibuster on the plan will now take place at 1 p.m.

ET Sunday.
Reid, D-Nevada, said he was asking for a delay to provide additional time for negotiations

underway at the White House.
There are “many elements to be finalized” and still “a distance to go,” Reid said. “We

should give everyone as much room as possible to do their work.”
Reid’s announcement capped a day of sharp partisan voting in the House and extended talks

behind closed doors between congressional and administration officials. Concern continued

to grow that Congress will fail to raise the nation’s debt ceiling in time to avoid a

potentially devastating national default this week.
Earlier Saturday, the Republican-controlled House rejected Reid’s plan — partisan payback

for the Democratic-controlled Senate’s rejection of GOP House Speaker John Boehner’s plan

Friday night.
House members rejected Reid’s plan in a 173-246 vote. Most Democrats supported the measure;

every Republican voted against it.
One Democratic source cited concern among congressional Democrats that Obama could be close

to cutting a deal with Republicans at their expense.
If Congress fails to raise the current $14.3 trillion debt ceiling by Tuesday, Americans

could face rising interest rates and a declining dollar, among other problems.
Some financial experts have warned of a downgrade of America’s triple-A credit rating and a

potential stock market plunge. The Dow Jones Industrial Average dropped for a sixth

straight day on Friday.
Without an increase in the debt limit, the federal government will not be able to pay all

its bills next month. Obama recently indicated he can’t guarantee Social Security checks

will be mailed out on time.
For their part, Republicans continued to trumpet Boehner’s proposal. The measure cleared

the House Friday, but only after a one-day delay during which the speaker was forced to

round up support from wary tea party conservatives. Boehner’s deal with conservatives –

which added a provision requiring congressional approval of a balanced budget amendment to

the Constitution in order to raise the debt limit next year — was sharply criticized by

Democrats, who called it a political nonstarter.
Democratic leaders vehemently object not only to the balanced budget amendment, but also

the GOP’s insistence that a second debt ceiling vote be held before the next election. They

argue that reaching bipartisan agreement on another debt ceiling hike during an election

year could be nearly impossible, and that short-term extensions of the limit could further

destabilize the economy.
Leaders of both parties now agree that any deal to raise the debt ceiling should include

long-term spending reductions to help control spiraling deficits. But they have differed on

both the timetable and requirements tied to certain cuts.
Both the Reid and Boehner plans suffered setbacks last week when the nonpartisan

Congressional Budget Office released reports concluding that they fell short of their

stated deficit reduction goals.
Boehner’s plan, which has since been revised, proposed generating a total of $917 billion

in savings while initially raising the debt ceiling by $900 billion. The speaker has

pledged to match any debt ceiling hike with dollar-for-dollar spending cuts.
His plan, however, would require a second vote by Congress to raise the debt ceiling by a

combined $2.5 trillion — enough to last through the end of 2012. It would create a special

congressional committee to recommend additional savings of $1.6 trillion or more.
Any failure on the part of Congress to enact mandated spending reductions or abide by new

spending caps would trigger automatic across-the-board budget cuts.
The plan, as amended Friday, also calls for congressional passage of a balanced budget

amendment before the second vote to raise the debt ceiling, which would likely be required

at some point during the winter.
As for Reid’s plan, a revised version he proposed Friday would reduce deficits over the

next decade by $2.4 trillion and raise the debt ceiling by a similar amount. It includes $1

trillion in savings based on the planned U.S. withdrawals from military engagements in

Afghanistan and Iraq.
Reid’s plan also would establish a congressional committee made up of 12 House and Senate

members to consider additional options for debt reduction. The committee’s proposals would

be guaranteed by a Senate vote with no amendments by the end of the year.
Worried About Debt Ceiling Sen. Hutchison speaks about debt crisis Tea Party view of debt

ceiling fight Explaining the debt debate Debt crisis debate: How did this happen?
In addition, it incorporates a process based on a proposal by McConnell that would give

Obama the authority to raise the debt ceiling in two steps while providing Congress the

opportunity to vote its disapproval.
Among other things, Reid has stressed that his plan meets the key GOP demand for no

additional taxes. Boehner, however, argued last week that Reid’s plan fails to tackle

popular entitlement programs such as Medicare, which are among the biggest drivers of the

debt.
A recent CNN/ORC International Poll reveals a growing public exasperation and demand for

compromise. Sixty-four percent of respondents to a July 18-20 survey preferred a deal with

a mix of spending cuts and tax increases. Only 34% preferred a debt reduction plan based

solely on spending reductions.
According to the poll, the public is sharply divided along partisan lines; Democrats and

independents are open to a number of different approaches because they think a failure to

raise the debt ceiling would cause a major crisis for the country. Republicans, however,

draw the line at tax increases, and a narrow majority of them oppose raising the debt

ceiling under any circumstances.